大家对接口应该都不陌生,简单的说接口就是一个契约或者规范。在强类型的面相对象语言中,接口可以很容易的实现。但是在javascript中并没有原生的创建或者实现接口的方式,或者判定一个类型是否实现了某个接口,我们只能利用js的灵活性的特点,模拟接口。 在javascript中实现接口有三种方式:注释描述、属性验证、鸭子模型。 note:因为我看的是英文书,翻译水平有限,不知道有些词汇如何翻译,大家只能领会精神了。 1. 注释描述 (Describing Interfaces with Comments) 例子: 复制代码 代码如下: /* interface Composite { function add(child); function remove(child); function getChild(index); } interface FormItem { function save(); } */ var CompositeForm = function(id, method, action) { // implements Composite, FormItem ... }; //Implement the Composite interface. CompositeForm.prototype.add = function(child) { ... }; CompositeForm.prototype.remove = function(child) { ... }; CompositeForm.prototype.getChild = function(index) { ... }; // Implement the FormItem interface. CompositeForm.prototype.save = function() { ... };
模拟其他面向对象语言,使用interface 和 implements关键字,但是需要将他们注释起来,这样就不会有语法错误。 这样做的目的,只是为了告诉其他编程人员,这些类需要实现什么方法,需要在编程的时候加以注意。但是没有提供一种验证方式,这些类是否正确实现了这些接口中的方法,这种方式就是一种文档化的作法。 2. 属性验证(Emulating Interfaces with Attribute Checking) 例子: 复制代码 代码如下: /* interface Composite { function add(child); function remove(child); function getChild(index); } interface FormItem { function save(); } */ var CompositeForm = function(id, method, action) { this.implementsInterfaces = ["Composite", "FormItem"]; ... }; ... function addForm(formInstance) { if(!implements(formInstance, "Composite", "FormItem")) { throw new Error("Object does not implement a required interface."); } ... } // The implements function, which checks to see if an object declares that it // implements the required interfaces. function implements(object) { for(var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { // Looping through all arguments // after the first one. var interfaceName = arguments[i]; var interfaceFound = false; for(var j = 0; j < object.implementsInterfaces.length; j++) { if(object.implementsInterfaces[j] == interfaceName) { interfaceFound = true; break; } } if(!interfaceFound) { return false; // An interface was not found. } } return true; // All interfaces were found. }
这种方式比第一种方式有所改进,接口的定义仍然以注释的方式实现,但是添加了验证方法,判断一个类型是否实现了某个接口。 3.鸭子类型(Emulating Interfaces with Duck Typing) 复制代码 代码如下: // Interfaces. var Composite = new Interface("Composite", ["add", "remove", "getChild"]); var FormItem = new Interface("FormItem", ["save"]); // CompositeForm class var CompositeForm = function(id, method, action) { ... }; ... function addForm(formInstance) { ensureImplements(formInstance, Composite, FormItem); // This function will throw an error if a required method is not implemented. ... } // Constructor. var Interface = function(name, methods) { if(arguments.length != 2) { throw new Error("Interface constructor called with " + arguments.length + "arguments, but expected exactly 2."); } this.name = name; this.methods = []; for(var i = 0, len = methods.length; i < len; i++) { if(typeof methods[i] !== "string") { throw new Error("Interface constructor expects method names to be " + "passed in as a string."); } this.methods.push(methods[i]); } }; // Static class method. Interface.ensureImplements = function(object) { if(arguments.length < 2) { throw new Error("Function Interface.ensureImplements called with " +arguments.length + "arguments, but expected at least 2."); } for(var i = 1, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { var interface = arguments[i]; if(interface.constructor !== Interface) { throw new Error("Function Interface.ensureImplements expects arguments" + "two and above to be instances of Interface."); } for(var j = 0, methodsLen = interface.methods.length; j < methodsLen; j++) { var method = interface.methods[j]; if(!object[method] || typeof object[method] !== "function") { throw new Error("Function Interface.ensureImplements: object " + "does not implement the " + interface.name + " interface. Method " + method + " was not found."); } } } };