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Linux内核通过/proc虚拟文件系统向用户导出内核信息,用户也可以通过/proc文件系统或通过sysctl命令动态配置内核。比如,如果我们想启动NAT,除了加载模块、配置防火墙外,还需要启动内核转发功能。我们有三种方法:1. 直接写/proc文件系统
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward2. 利用sysctl命令
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
sysctl -a可以查看内核所有导出的变量3. 编辑/etc/sysctl.conf
添加如下一行,这样系统每次启动后,该变量的值就是1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1sysctl是procfs软件中的命令,该软件包还提供了w, ps, vmstat, pgrep, pkill, top, slabtop等命令。sysctl配置与显示在/proc/sys目录中的内核参数.可以用sysctl来设置或重新设置联网功能,如IP转发、IP碎片去除以及源路由检查等。用户只需要编辑/etc/sysctl.conf文件,即可手工或自动执行由sysctl控制的功能。     命令格式:    sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value    sysctl [-n] [-e] -p <filename> (default /etc/sysctl.conf)    sysctl [-n] [-e] -a    常用参数的意义:    -w   临时改变某个指定参数的值,如         sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    -a   显示所有的系统参数    -p   从指定的文件加载系统参数,如不指定即从/etc/sysctl.conf中加载    如果仅仅是想临时改变某个系统参数的值,可以用两种方法来实现,例如想启用IP路由转发功能:    1) #echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward    2) #sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    以上两种方法都可能立即开启路由功能,但如果系统重启,或执行了     # service network restart命令,所设置的值即会丢失,如果想永久保留配置,可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件将 net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改为net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 sysctl是一个允许您改变正在运行中的Linux系统的接口。它包含一些 TCP/IP 堆栈和虚拟内存系统的高级选项, 这可以让有经验的管理员提高引人注目的系统性能。用sysctl可以读取设置超过五百个系统变量。基于这点,sysctl(8) 提供两个功能:读取和修改系统设置。
查看所有可读变量:
% sysctl -a
读一个指定的变量,例如 kern.maxproc:
% sysctl kern.maxproc kern.maxproc: 1044
要设置一个指定的变量,直接用 variable=value 这样的语法:
# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000
kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000
您可以使用sysctl修改系统变量,也可以通过编辑sysctl.conf文件来修改系统变量。sysctl.conf 看起来很像 rc.conf。它用 variable=value 的形式来设定值。指定的值在系统进入多用户模式之后被设定。并不是所有的变量都可以在这个模式下设定。
sysctl 变量的设置通常是字符串、数字或者布尔型。 (布尔型用 1 来表示"yes",用 0 来表示"no")。sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=0
sysctl -w kernel.core_uses_pid=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=2048
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=3600
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1配置sysctl编辑此文件:vi /etc/sysctl.conf
如果该文件为空,则输入以下内容,否则请根据情况自己做调整:# Controls source route verification
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1# Disables IP source routing
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm
# Only uncomment if needed!
# kernel.shmmax = 67108864# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout connection
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time connection
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1# Turn on the tcp_sack
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1# tcp_fack should be on because of sack
net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1# Turn on the tcp_timestamps
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1# Enable ignoring broadcasts request
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1# Enable bad error message Protection
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1# Make more local ports available
# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′
net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5# Lower syn retry rates
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048# Various Settings
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached
net.core.hot_list_length = 256# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues
net.core.rmem_default = 65535
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.core.wmem_default = 65535
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608
net.core.optmem_max = 40960如果希望屏蔽别人 ping 你的主机,则加入以下代码:# Disable ping requests
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1编辑完成后,请执行以下命令使变动立即生效:/sbin/sysctl -p
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1我们常常在 Linux 的 /proc/sys 目录下,手动设定一些 kernel 的参数或是直接 echo 特定的值给一个 proc下的虚拟档案,俾利某些档案之开启,常见的例如设定开机时自动启动 IP Forwarding:
echo “1” > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 其实,在 Linux 我们还可以用 sysctl command 便可以简易的去检视、设定或自动配置 特定的 kernel 设定。我们可以在系统提示符号下输入「sysctl -a」,摘要如后:abi.defhandler_coff = 117440515 dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 100000 net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding = 0 net.ipv4.neigh.lo.delay_first_probe_time = 5 net.ipv4.neigh.lo.base_reachable_time = 30 net.ipv4.icmp_ratelimit = 100 net.ipv4.inet_peer_gc_mintime = 10 net.ipv4.igmp_max_memberships = 20 net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 0 net.core.no_cong_thresh = 20 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300 net.core.rmem_default = 65535 net.core.wmem_max = 65535 vm.kswapd = 512 32 8 vm.overcommit_memory = 0 vm.bdflush = 30 64 64 256 500 3000 60 0 0 vm.freepages = 351 702 1053 kernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128 kernel.panic = 0 kernel.domainname = (none) kernel.hostname = pc02.shinewave.com.tw kernel.version = #1 Tue Oct 30 20:11:04 EST 2001 kernel.osrelease = 2.4.9-13 kernel.ostype = Linux fs.dentry-state = 1611 969 45 0 0 0 fs.file-nr = 1121 73 8192 fs.inode-state = 1333 523 0 0 0 0 0  
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