简介: Linux 发行版本众多,现如今也得到了越来越广泛的应用,同时也面临着系统出现故障的潜在风险,本文将详细介绍几种 Linux 灾难恢复技术和方法,以确保 Linux 系统安全恢复。
Linux 灾难恢复
Linux 发行版本众多,现如今也得到了越来越广泛的应用,同时也面临着系统出现故障的潜在风险,本文将以发行版本 RHEL6 为例详细介绍几种 Linux 灾难恢复技术和方法,以确保 Linux 系统的安全恢复。在介绍 Linux 灾难恢复方法之前,我们先来了解下 MBR,其全称为 Master Boot Record,即硬盘的主引导记录。它由三个部分组成,主引导程序、硬盘分区表和硬盘有效标志。在总共 512 字节的主引导扇区里主引导程序(Bootloader)占 446 个字节,第二部分是硬盘分区表,占 64 个字节,硬盘有多少分区以及每一分区的大小都记录在其中。第三部分是硬盘有效标志,占 2 个字节。具体如图示:图 1. MBR
系统硬盘分区表破坏
生产环境中的 Linux 服务器可能会因为病毒或者意外断电而引起硬盘分区表被破坏,通常恢复硬盘分区表需要之前我们先备份其分区表的信息,一般我们使用 USB 外接设备来备份主机硬盘的分区表。在主机上挂载 USB 设备后我们查看系统当前磁盘设备 :
[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00032735Device BootStart EndBlocks IdSystem/dev/sda1 * 117131072 83LinuxPartition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda217 147 1048576 82Linux swap / SolarisPartition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda3 147522740803328 83LinuxDisk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x00000000Disk /dev/sdb doesn"t contain a valid partition table
现在我们在 sdb 这个设备上创建一个新的分区 :
[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcdd48395.Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.After that, of course, the previous content won"t be recoverable.Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It"s strongly recommended toswitch off the mode (command "c") and change display units tosectors (command "u").Command (m for help): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 1First cylinder (1-261, default 1):Using default value 1Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-261, default 261):Using default value 261Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0xcdd48395Device BootStart EndBlocks IdSystem/dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83LinuxCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.
在新分区 sdb1 上创建文件系统:
[root@FCoE ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=4096 (log=2)Fragment size=4096 (log=2)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks131072 inodes, 524112 blocks26205 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=53687091216 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group8192 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (8192 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first.Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
挂载新的文件系统:
[root@FCoE ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/
通常我们通过备份硬盘的 MBR 来备份硬盘分区表:
[root@FCoE ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/sda.mbr bs=512 count=11+0 records in1+0 records out512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000777948 s, 658 kB/s