Ubuntu Server 14.04 下安装 PostgreSQL 9.3.5 数据库

在 Ubuntu Server 14.04 下安装 PostgreSQL 9.3.5 开源数据库PostgreSQL 是一个自由开源对象-关系型数据库服务器（数据库管理系统），在 BSD 许可下发行。PostgreSQL 可免费使用、修改和分发，不管是私用、商用、还是学术研究用。PostgreSQL 提供了相对其他开源数据库系统（譬如：MySQL 和 Firebird）和专有数据库系统（譬如：Oracle、Sybase、IBM 的 DB2 和 Microsoft SQL Server）之外的另一种选择。PostgreSQL 不寻常的名字导致一些读者停下来尝试拼读它，特别是那些把 SQL 拼读为 "sequel" 的人。PostgreSQL 开发者把它拼读为"post-gress-Q-L"。它也经常被简略念为 "postgres"。PostgreSQL 是以 “加州大学伯克利分校” 计算机系开发的 POSTGRES （现更名为 PostgreSQL）版本 4.2 为基础的对象关系型数据库管理系统（ORDBMS）。PostgreSQL 支持大部分 SQL 标准且提供了许多其他现代特性，包括：复杂查询、外键、触发器、视图、事务完整性、MVCC。同样，PostgreSQL 可用许多方法扩展；譬如：通过增加新数据类型、函数、操作符、聚集函数、索引。01、以 apt-get 方式安装 PostgreSQL 9.3.5root:# apt-get install postgresql
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
正在读取状态信息... 完成
将会安装下列额外的软件包：
libpq5 postgresql-9.3 postgresql-client-9.3 postgresql-client-common
postgresql-common ssl-cert
建议安装的软件包：
oidentd ident-server locales-all postgresql-doc-9.3 openssl-blacklist
下列【新】软件包将被安装：
libpq5 postgresql postgresql-9.3 postgresql-client-9.3
postgresql-client-common postgresql-common ssl-cert
升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 7 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件包未被升级。
需要下载 3,682 kB 的软件包。
解压缩后会消耗掉 15.5 MB 的额外空间。
您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] y
获取：1 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty-updates/main libpq5 amd64 9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1 [80.6 kB]
获取：2 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty/main postgresql-client-common all 154 [25.4 kB]
获取：3 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty-updates/main postgresql-client-9.3 amd64 9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1 [782 kB]
获取：4 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty/main ssl-cert all 1.0.33 [16.6 kB]
获取：5 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty/main postgresql-common all 154 [103 kB]
获取：6 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty-updates/main postgresql-9.3 amd64 9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1 [2,670 kB]
获取：7 [url]http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/[/url] trusty/main postgresql all 9.3+154 [5,088 B]
下载 3,682 kB，耗时 9秒（402 kB/s）
正在预设定软件包 ...
Selecting previously unselected package libpq5.
（正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 85656 个文件和目录。）
Preparing to unpack .../libpq5_9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpq5 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-client-common.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-client-common_154_all.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-client-common （154） ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-client-9.3.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-client-9.3_9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-client-9.3 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
Selecting previously unselected package ssl-cert.
Preparing to unpack .../ssl-cert_1.0.33_all.deb ...
Unpacking ssl-cert （1.0.33） ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-common.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-common_154_all.deb ...
正在添加 postgresql-common 导致 /usr/bin/pg_config 本地修改至 /usr/bin/pg_config.libpq-dev
Unpacking postgresql-common （154） ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-9.3.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-9.3_9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-9.3 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql_9.3+154_all.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql （9.3+154） ...
Processing triggers for man-db （2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1） ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead （0.100.0-16） ...
ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot
正在设置 libpq5 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
正在设置 postgresql-client-common （154） ...
正在设置 postgresql-client-9.3 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/9.3/man/man1/psql.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/psql.1.gz （psql.1.gz） in 自动模式
正在设置 ssl-cert （1.0.33） ...
正在设置 postgresql-common （154） ...
Adding user postgres to group ssl-certCreating config file /etc/logrotate.d/postgresql-common with new version
Building PostgreSQL dictionaries from installed myspell/hunspell packages...
Removing obsolete dictionary files:
* No PostgreSQL clusters exist; see "man pg_createcluster"
Processing triggers for ureadahead （0.100.0-16） ...
正在设置 postgresql-9.3 （9.3.5-0ubuntu0.14.04.1） ...
Creating new cluster 9.3/main ...
config /etc/postgresql/9.3/main
data /var/lib/postgresql/9.3/main
locale zh_CN.UTF-8
port 5432
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/9.3/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz （postmaster.1.gz） in 自动模式
* Starting PostgreSQL 9.3 database server [ OK ]
正在设置 postgresql （9.3+154） ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin （2.19-0ubuntu6.5） ...
root:#02、设置 Ubuntu Server 14.04 系统 postgres 用户登陆口令root:# passwd postgres
输入新的 UNIX 密码：
重新输入新的 UNIX 密码：
passwd: password updated successfully
root:#03、切换到 postgres 系统用户root:# su - postgres 或 sudo -i -u postgres
postgres:~$04、登录 postgres 数据库postgres:~$ psql postgres
psql （9.3.5）
Type "help" for help.postgres=# #postgres 命令提示符05、将 postgres 数据库用户口令设为 postgres 或其它postgres=# ALTER USER postgres with PASSWORD "postgres";
ALTER ROLE
postgres=# q
could not save history to file "/var/lib/postgresql/.psql_history": 没有那个文件或目录 #重新登录就可以了，由于第一次文件是不存在的
postgres:~$06、再次登陆 postgres 数据库，再将 postgres 数据库用户口令设为 postgres 或其它postgres:~$ psql postgres
psql （9.3.5）
Type "help" for help.postgres=# ALTER USER postgres with PASSWORD "postgres";
ALTER ROLE
postgres=# q
postgres:~$07、修改 PostgresSQL 数据库配置文件 postgresql.confvi /etc/postgresql/9.3/main/postgresql.conf修改前的配置文件# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
# name = value
#
# （The "=" is optional.） Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, or use "pg_ctl reload". Some
# parameters, which are marked below, require a server shutdown and restart to
# take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on". Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units: kB = kilobytes Time units: ms = milliseconds
# MB = megabytes s = seconds
# GB = gigabytes min = minutes
# h = hours
# d = days
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.data_directory = "/var/lib/postgresql/9.3/main" # use data in another directory
# （change requires restart）
hba_file = "/etc/postgresql/9.3/main/pg_hba.conf" # host-based authentication file
# （change requires restart）
ident_file = "/etc/postgresql/9.3/main/pg_ident.conf" # ident configuration file
# （change requires restart）# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.
external_pid_file = "/var/run/postgresql/9.3-main.pid" # write an extra PID file
# （change requires restart）
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Connection Settings -#listen_addresses = "localhost" # what IP address（es） to listen on;
# comma-separated list of addresses;
# defaults to "localhost"; use "*" for all
# （change requires restart）
port = 5432 # （change requires restart）
max_connections = 100 # （change requires restart）
# Note: Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per
# connection slot, plus lock space （see max_locks_per_transaction）.
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # （change requires restart）
unix_socket_directories = "/var/run/postgresql" # comma-separated list of directories
# （change requires restart）
#unix_socket_group = "" # （change requires restart）
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation
# （change requires restart）
#bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour
# （change requires restart）
#bonjour_name = "" # defaults to the computer name
# （change requires restart）# - Security and Authentication -#authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s
ssl = true # （change requires restart）
#ssl_ciphers = "DEFAULT:！LOW:！EXP:！MD5:@STRENGTH" # allowed SSL ciphers
# （change requires restart）
#ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB # amount of data between renegotiations
ssl_cert_file = "/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem" # （change requires restart）
ssl_key_file = "/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key" # （change requires restart）
#ssl_ca_file = "" # （change requires restart）
#ssl_crl_file = "" # （change requires restart）
#password_encryption = on
#db_user_namespace = off# Kerberos and GSSAPI
#krb_server_keyfile = ""
#krb_srvname = "postgres" # （Kerberos only）
#krb_caseins_users = off# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details#tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT;
# 0 selects the system default
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE （except WAL）
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Memory -shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB
# （change requires restart）
#temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature
# （change requires restart）
# Note: Increasing max_prepared_transactions costs ~600 bytes of shared memory
# per transaction slot, plus lock space （see max_locks_per_transaction）.
# It is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless you
# actively intend to use prepared transactions.
#work_mem = 1MB # min 64kB
#maintenance_work_mem = 16MB # min 1MB
#max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB# - Disk -#temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-session temp file space
# in kB, or -1 for no limit# - Kernel Resource Usage -#max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25
# （change requires restart）
#shared_preload_libraries = "" # （change requires restart）# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -#vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits# - Background Writer -#bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds
#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # 0-1000 max buffers written/round
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multipler on buffers scanned/round# - Asynchronous Behavior -#effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WRITE AHEAD LOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Settings -#wal_level = minimal # minimal, archive, or hot_standby
# （change requires restart）
#fsync = on # turns forced synchronization on or off
#synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level;
# off, local, remote_write, or on
#wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# open_datasync
# fdatasync （default on Linux）
# fsync
# fsync_writethrough
# open_sync
#full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
# （change requires restart）
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds#commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds
#commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000# - Checkpoints -#checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each
#checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1h
#checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables# - Archiving -#archive_mode = off # allows archiving to be done
# （change requires restart）
#archive_command = "" # command to use to archive a logfile segment
# placeholders: %p = path of file to archive
# %f = file name only
# e.g. "test ！ -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f"
#archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this
# number of seconds; 0 disables
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Sending Server（s） -# Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data.#max_wal_senders = 0 # max number of walsender processes
# （change requires restart）
#wal_keep_segments = 0 # in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables
#wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables# - Master Server -# These settings are ignored on a standby server.#synchronous_standby_names = "" # standby servers that provide sync rep
# comma-separated list of application_name
# from standby（s）; "*" = all
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed# - Standby Servers -# These settings are ignored on a master server.#hot_standby = off # "on" allows queries during recovery
# （change requires restart）
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading WAL from archive;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading streaming WAL;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often
# 0 disables
#hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent
# query conflicts
#wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for
# communication from master
# in milliseconds; 0 disables
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUERY TUNING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Planner Method Configuration -#enable_bitmapscan = on
#enable_hashagg = on
#enable_hashjoin = on
#enable_indexscan = on
#enable_indexonlyscan = on
#enable_material = on
#enable_mergejoin = on
#enable_nestloop = on
#enable_seqscan = on
#enable_sort = on
#enable_tidscan = on# - Planner Cost Constants -#seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale
#random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above
#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above
#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above
#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above
#effective_cache_size = 128MB# - Genetic Query Optimizer -#geqo = on
#geqo_threshold = 12
#geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10
#geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0
#geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0# - Other Planner Options -#default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000
#constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition
#cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0
#from_collapse_limit = 8
#join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit
# JOIN clauses
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR REPORTING AND LOGGING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Where to Log -#log_destination = "stderr" # Valid values are combinations of
# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
# depending on platform. csvlog
# requires logging_collector to be on.# This is used when logging to stderr:
#logging_collector = off # Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
# into log files. Required to be on for
# csvlogs.
# （change requires restart）# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
#log_directory = "pg_log" # directory where log files are written,
# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
#log_filename = "postgresql-%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S.log" # log file name pattern,
# can include strftime（） escapes
#log_file_mode = 0600 # creation mode for log files,
# begin with 0 to use octal notation
#log_truncate_on_rotation = off # If on, an existing log file with the
# same name as the new log file will be
# truncated rather than appended to.
# But such truncation only occurs on
# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
# or size-driven rotation. Default is
# off, meaning append to existing files
# in all cases.
#log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that time. 0 disables.
#log_rotation_size = 10MB # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that much log output.
# 0 disables.# These are relevant when logging to syslog:
#syslog_facility = "LOCAL0"
#syslog_ident = "postgres"# This is only relevant when logging to eventlog （win32）:
#event_source = "PostgreSQL"# - When to Log -#client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# log
# notice
# warning
# error#log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
# fatal
# panic#log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail:
# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
# fatal
# panic （effectively off）#log_min_duration_statement = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements
# and their durations, > 0 logs only
# statements running at least this number
# of milliseconds
# - What to Log -#debug_print_parse = off
#debug_print_rewritten = off
#debug_print_plan = off
#debug_pretty_print = on
#log_checkpoints = off
#log_connections = off
#log_disconnections = off
#log_duration = off
#log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages
#log_hostname = off
log_line_prefix = "%t " # special values:
# %a = application name
# %u = user name
# %d = database name
# %r = remote host and port
# %h = remote host
# %p = process ID
# %t = timestamp without milliseconds
# %m = timestamp with milliseconds
# %i = command tag
# %e = SQL state
# %c = session ID
# %l = session line number
# %s = session start timestamp
# %v = virtual transaction ID
# %x = transaction ID （0 if none）
# %q = stop here in non-session
# processes
# %% = "%"
# e.g. "<%u%%%d> "
#log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout
#log_statement = "none" # none, ddl, mod, all
#log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger
# than the specified size in kilobytes;
# -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files
log_timezone = "PRC"
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RUNTIME STATISTICS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Query/Index Statistics Collector -#track_activities = on
#track_counts = on
#track_io_timing = off
#track_functions = none # none, pl, all
#track_activity_query_size = 1024 # （change requires restart）
#update_process_title = on
#stats_temp_directory = "pg_stat_tmp"
# - Statistics Monitoring -#log_parser_stats = off
#log_planner_stats = off
#log_executor_stats = off
#log_statement_stats = off
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTOVACUUM PARAMETERS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess？ "on"
# requires track_counts to also be on.
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and
# their durations, > 0 logs only
# actions running at least this number
# of milliseconds.
#autovacuum_max_workers = 3 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses
# （change requires restart）
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# analyze
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze
#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum
# （change requires restart）
#autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 # maximum Multixact age
# before forced vacuum
# （change requires restart）
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms # default vacuum cost delay for
# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for
# autovacuum, -1 means use
# vacuum_cost_limit
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Statement Behavior -#search_path = ""$user",public" # schema names
#default_tablespace = "" # a tablespace name, "" uses the default
#temp_tablespaces = "" # a list of tablespace names, "" uses
# only default tablespace
#check_function_bodies = on
#default_transaction_isolation = "read committed"
#default_transaction_read_only = off
#default_transaction_deferrable = off
#session_replication_role = "origin"
#statement_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#lock_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000
#vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#bytea_output = "hex" # hex, escape
#xmlbinary = "base64"
#xmloption = "content"# - Locale and Formatting -datestyle = "iso, ymd"
#intervalstyle = "postgres"
timezone = "PRC"
#timezone_abbreviations = "Default" # Select the set of available time zone
# abbreviations. Currently, there are
# Default
# Australia
# India
# You can create your own file in
# share/timezonesets/.
#extra_float_digits = 0 # min -15, max 3
#client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
# encoding# These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed.
lc_messages = "zh_CN.UTF-8" # locale for system error message
# strings
lc_monetary = "zh_CN" # locale for monetary formatting
lc_numeric = "zh_CN" # locale for number formatting
lc_time = "zh_CN" # locale for time formatting# default configuration for text search
default_text_search_config = "pg_catalog.simple"# - Other Defaults -#dynamic_library_path = "$libdir"
#local_preload_libraries = ""
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LOCK MANAGEMENT
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#deadlock_timeout = 1s
#max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10
# （change requires restart）
# Note: Each lock table slot uses ~270 bytes of shared memory, and there are
# max_locks_per_transaction * （max_connections + max_prepared_transactions）
# lock table slots.
#max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10
# （change requires restart）
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# VERSION/PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Previous PostgreSQL Versions -#array_nulls = on
#backslash_quote = safe_encoding # on, off, or safe_encoding
#default_with_oids = off
#escape_string_warning = on
#lo_compat_privileges = off
#quote_all_identifiers = off
#sql_inheritance = on
#standard_conforming_strings = on
#synchronize_seqscans = on# - Other Platforms and Clients -#transform_null_equals = off
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR HANDLING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#exit_on_error = off # terminate session on any error？
#restart_after_crash = on # reinitialize after backend crash？
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONFIG FILE INCLUDES
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# These options allow settings to be loaded from files other than the
# default postgresql.conf.#include_dir = "conf.d" # include files ending in ".conf" from
# directory "conf.d"
#include_if_exists = "exists.conf" # include file only if it exists
#include = "special.conf" # include file
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# Add settings for extensions here修改后的配置文件# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
# name = value
#
# （The "=" is optional.） Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, or use "pg_ctl reload". Some
# parameters, which are marked below, require a server shutdown and restart to
# take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on". Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units: kB = kilobytes Time units: ms = milliseconds
# MB = megabytes s = seconds
# GB = gigabytes min = minutes
# h = hours
# d = days
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.data_directory = "/var/lib/postgresql/9.3/main" # use data in another directory
# （change requires restart）
hba_file = "/etc/postgresql/9.3/main/pg_hba.conf" # host-based authentication file
# （change requires restart）
ident_file = "/etc/postgresql/9.3/main/pg_ident.conf" # ident configuration file
# （change requires restart）# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.
external_pid_file = "/var/run/postgresql/9.3-main.pid" # write an extra PID file
# （change requires restart）
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Connection Settings -listen_addresses = "*" # what IP address（es） to listen on; #监听任何地址
# comma-separated list of addresses;
# defaults to "localhost"; use "*" for all
# （change requires restart）
port = 5432 # （change requires restart）
max_connections = 100 # （change requires restart）
# Note: Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per
# connection slot, plus lock space （see max_locks_per_transaction）.
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # （change requires restart）
unix_socket_directories = "/var/run/postgresql" # comma-separated list of directories
# （change requires restart）
#unix_socket_group = "" # （change requires restart）
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation
# （change requires restart）
#bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour
# （change requires restart）
#bonjour_name = "" # defaults to the computer name
# （change requires restart）# - Security and Authentication -#authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s
ssl = true # （change requires restart）
#ssl_ciphers = "DEFAULT:！LOW:！EXP:！MD5:@STRENGTH" # allowed SSL ciphers
# （change requires restart）
#ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB # amount of data between renegotiations
ssl_cert_file = "/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem" # （change requires restart）
ssl_key_file = "/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key" # （change requires restart）
#ssl_ca_file = "" # （change requires restart）
#ssl_crl_file = "" # （change requires restart）
password_encryption = on #启用口令加密
#db_user_namespace = off# Kerberos and GSSAPI
#krb_server_keyfile = ""
#krb_srvname = "postgres" # （Kerberos only）
#krb_caseins_users = off# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details#tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT;
# 0 selects the system default
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE （except WAL）
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Memory -shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB
# （change requires restart）
#temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature
# （change requires restart）
# Note: Increasing max_prepared_transactions costs ~600 bytes of shared memory
# per transaction slot, plus lock space （see max_locks_per_transaction）.
# It is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless you
# actively intend to use prepared transactions.
#work_mem = 1MB # min 64kB
#maintenance_work_mem = 16MB # min 1MB
#max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB# - Disk -#temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-session temp file space
# in kB, or -1 for no limit# - Kernel Resource Usage -#max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25
# （change requires restart）
#shared_preload_libraries = "" # （change requires restart）# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -#vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits# - Background Writer -#bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds
#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # 0-1000 max buffers written/round
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multipler on buffers scanned/round# - Asynchronous Behavior -#effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WRITE AHEAD LOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Settings -#wal_level = minimal # minimal, archive, or hot_standby
# （change requires restart）
#fsync = on # turns forced synchronization on or off
#synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level;
# off, local, remote_write, or on
#wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# open_datasync
# fdatasync （default on Linux）
# fsync
# fsync_writethrough
# open_sync
#full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
# （change requires restart）
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds#commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds
#commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000# - Checkpoints -#checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each
#checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1h
#checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables# - Archiving -#archive_mode = off # allows archiving to be done
# （change requires restart）
#archive_command = "" # command to use to archive a logfile segment
# placeholders: %p = path of file to archive
# %f = file name only
# e.g. "test ！ -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f"
#archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this
# number of seconds; 0 disables
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Sending Server（s） -# Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data.#max_wal_senders = 0 # max number of walsender processes
# （change requires restart）
#wal_keep_segments = 0 # in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables
#wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables# - Master Server -# These settings are ignored on a standby server.#synchronous_standby_names = "" # standby servers that provide sync rep
# comma-separated list of application_name
# from standby（s）; "*" = all
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed# - Standby Servers -# These settings are ignored on a master server.#hot_standby = off # "on" allows queries during recovery
# （change requires restart）
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading WAL from archive;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading streaming WAL;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often
# 0 disables
#hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent
# query conflicts
#wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for
# communication from master
# in milliseconds; 0 disables
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUERY TUNING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Planner Method Configuration -#enable_bitmapscan = on
#enable_hashagg = on
#enable_hashjoin = on
#enable_indexscan = on
#enable_indexonlyscan = on
#enable_material = on
#enable_mergejoin = on
#enable_nestloop = on
#enable_seqscan = on
#enable_sort = on
#enable_tidscan = on# - Planner Cost Constants -#seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale
#random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above
#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above
#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above
#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above
#effective_cache_size = 128MB# - Genetic Query Optimizer -#geqo = on
#geqo_threshold = 12
#geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10
#geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0
#geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0# - Other Planner Options -#default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000
#constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition
#cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0
#from_collapse_limit = 8
#join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit
# JOIN clauses
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR REPORTING AND LOGGING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# - Where to Log -#log_destination = "stderr" # Valid values are combinations of
# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
# depending on platform. csvlog
# requires logging_collector to be on.# This is used when logging to stderr:
#logging_collector = off # Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
# into log files. Required to be on for
# csvlogs.
# （change requires restart）# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
#log_directory = "pg_log" # directory where log files are written,
# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
#log_filename = "postgresql-%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S.log" # log file name pattern,
# can include strftime（） escapes
#log_file_mode = 0600 # creation mode for log files,
# begin with 0 to use octal notation
#log_truncate_on_rotation = off # If on, an existing log file with the
# same name as the new log file will be
# truncated rather than appended to.
# But such truncation only occurs on
# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
# or size-driven rotation. Default is
# off, meaning append to existing files
# in all cases.
#log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that time. 0 disables.
#log_rotation_size = 10MB # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that much log output.
&